Correlation between Intensity of Pain and Disability Due to Intra-articular Lesions in Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome / Correlação entre intensidade da dor e incapacidade com as lesões intra-articulares em pacientes com síndrome do impacto femoroacetabular

Abstract Objective To correlate radiographic alterations and lesions in intra-articular structures of the acetabulum with the intensity of pain and disability of patients diagnosed with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Methods A retrospective analysis of the preoperative data of 182 patients (190 hips) was performed. Clinical variables such as age, gender, the practice of physical activity, and radiographic variables, such as the Wiberg and alpha angles, were evaluated. Through an intraoperative video, the extent of the chondral and labial lesions was evaluated considering the clock-face method, the degree of joint involvement by the Outerbridge classification, and the presence of wave lesions. The variables were analyzed by linear regression, with the intensity of the pain assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional disability measured by the Modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). Results The mean age of the patients was of 38.5 ± 9.6 years, the mean intensity of the pain was of 7.8 ± 1.6, and the mean mHHS score was of 56.3 ± 12.7. In total, 61% of the sample were classified as Outerbridge III or IV, and 12.6% had wave lesions. There was a correlation between the male gender (r = 0.497) and lower intensity of the pain, and a correlation of age (r = -0.27), the male gender (r = 8.419) and physical activity with higher functional scores on the mHHS (r = 4.729). Conclusion There was no correlation of the radiographic and arthroscopic parameters of the present study and the intensity of pain and the disability of the patients. The male gender is related to lower intensity of pain, and higher functional ability is related to the male gender, lower age, and the practice of physical activity. Level of Evidence IV.

Resumo Objetivo Correlacionar alterações radiográficas e lesões de estruturas intra-articulares do acetábulo com a intensidade da dor e a incapacidade de pacientes com diagnóstico de síndrome do impacto femoroacetabular. Métodos Realiou-se uma análise retrospectiva de dados pré-operatórios de 182 pacientes (190 quadris). Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas como idade, sexo e prática de atividade física, e variáveis radiográficas, como ângulo de Wiberg e o ângulo alfa. Por meio do vídeo intraoperatório, foi avaliada a extensão das lesões condrais e labiais considerando-se o método clock-face, o grau de comprometimento articular pela classificação de Outerbridge, e a presença de lesão em onda. As variáveis foram analisadas por meio de regressão linear, tendo como variáveis dependentes a intensidade da dor, avaliada pela Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), e a incapacidade funcional, mensurada pelo Harris Hip Score modificado (HHSm). Resultados A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 38,5 ± 9,6 anos, a da intensidade da dor, 7,8 ± 1,6, e a do HHSm, 56,3 ± 12,7. No total, 61% da amostra apresentava Outerbridge III ou IV, e 12,6% apresentava lesão em onda. Observou-se correlação do sexo masculino (r = 0,497) com menor intensidade da dor, e correlação da idade (r = −0,27), do sexo masculino (r = 8,419) e da realização de atividade física com maior escore funcional no HHSm (r = 4,729). Conclusão Não houve correlação dos parâmetros radiográficos e artroscópicos deste estudo com a intensidade da dor e a incapacidade dos pacientes. O sexo masculino está relacionado com menor intensidade da dor, e maior capacidade funcional está relacionada com o sexo masculino, menor idade, e a prática de atividade física. Nível de Evidência IV.

Dolor de cadera en adolescentes: estudio y tratamiento / Hip pain in adolescent: assessment and treatment

En adolescentes que consultan por dolor de cadera o pelvis, es crucial una adecuada historia clínica para orientarnos sobre la etiología del dolor y comprender los mecanismos que lo generan. Es importante conocer y realizar un exhaustivo examen físico, con especial énfasis en la cadera, incluyendo pruebas específicas para diferentes patologías, además de comprender las indicaciones de los diferentes estudios de imágenes, para así lograr un correcto diagnóstico.Entre las causas más frecuentes de coxalgia en adolescentes debemos considerar la epifisiolisis, el pinzamiento femoroacetabular con o sin roturas del labrum, las lesiones avulsivas de la pelvis, la coxa saltans, entre otras. Aunque son poco frecuentes, patologías sistémicas como reumatológicas y oncológicas también deben ser descartadas en adolescentes. Un diagnóstico de certeza nos permitirá realizar una adecuada estrategia de tratamiento, a fin de lograr una rehabilitación precoz y evitar futuras complicaciones.

In adolescents presenting with hip or pelvis pain, an adequate medical history is crucial to guide the etiology and understand the mechanisms that generate it. It is important to know and carry out an exhaustive physical examination, with special attention to the hip, including specific tests for different pathologies, in addition to understand the indications of the different imaging studies, in order to achieve a correct diagnosis. Among the most frequent causes of hip pain in adolescents, we must rule out slipped capital femoral epiphysis, femoroacetabular impingement with or without labral tears, avulsion lesions of the pelvis, snapping hip, among others. Although rare, systemic pathologies such as rheumatologic and oncologic diseases must also be ruled out in adolescents. An accurate diagnosis will allow us to carry out an adequate treatment strategy, in order to achieve early rehabilitation and avoid future complications.

Caso Clínico: Luxación Controlada de Cadera. Epifisiólisis de Cabeza Femoral / Case Report: Controlled Hip Dislocation. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La epifisiólisis de la cabeza femoral es el desplazamiento de la epífisis con respecto a la metáfisis, en dirección anterosuperior; su etiología es desconocida, frecuente en adolescentes, periodo peripuberal, y con índice de masa corporal elevado, edad promedio entre 12 y 18 años. Su incidencia es variable, 0.2 (Japón) a 10 (Estados Unidos) por 100 000 habitantes. Se caracteriza por dolor progresivo en cadera, con irradiación a la ingle o rodilla, se asocia a cojera; con la detección precoz se puede instaurar un tratamiento adecuado, el más aceptado es la fijación in situ con tornillos centrales. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de sexo femenino 14 años de edad sin antecedentes patológicos, acudió al servicio de ortopedia infantil por presentar dolor lancinante crónico de cadera derecha de nueve meses de evolución que aumenta con la deambulación, diagnosticada por clínica y exámenes complementarios de imagen de epifisiólisis de cabeza femoral. Se realizó luxación quirúrgica de la cadera y reducción abierta anatómica con colocación de tornillos esponjosos. EVOLUCIÓN: Al tercer día de la cirugía, se decide alta hospitalaria; deambulación con muletas y sin apoyo durante un mes posquirúrgico. La osteosíntesis permaneció durante un año con controles mensuales y fisioterapia correspondiente; se ha evidenciado evolución favorable; arcos de movilidad de cadera conservados, deambulación normal, sin complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento inicial de un paciente con epifisiólisis de cabeza femoral estable depende del tiempo de evolución y se realiza fijando con tornillos o agujas mediante la luxación anatómica de la cadera y osteoplastia de remodelación del cuello femoral. La mayoría de los pacientes no desarrollan necrosis ni condrolisis y los resultados a largo plazo con la fijación in situ suelen ser excelentes, a diferencia de los pacientes con diagnóstico tardío.

BACKGROUND: The epiphysiolysis of the femoral head is the displacement of the epiphysis with respect to the metaphysis, in anterosuperior direction; it is etiology is unknown, frequent in adolescents, peripubertal period, and with high body mass index, average age between 12 and 18 years. It is incidence is variable, 0.2 (Japan) to 10 (United States) per 100 000 inhabitants. It is characterized by progressive pain in the hip, with irradiation to the groin or knee, is associated with lameness; with the early detection, an adequate treatment can be established, the most accepted one is the in situ fixation with central screws. CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old female patient with no pathological history attended the Children's Orthopedic Service due to the chronic lancinating pain of the right hip, which increases with walking, it is diagnosed by clinical examination and complementary exams of femoral head epiphysiolysis. Surgical dislocation of the hip and anatomical open reduction with placement of spongy screws was performed. EVOLUTION: On the third day of surgery, hospital discharge is decided; walking with crutches and without support during a postoperative month. The osteosynthesis remained for a year with monthly controls and corresponding physiotherapy; it has been evidenced favorable evolution; hip mobility arches preserved, normal ambulation, without complications CONCLUSIONS: The initial treatment of a patient with epiphysiolysis of stable femoral head depends on the evolution time and is done by fixing with screws or needles with of anatomical dislocation of the hip and osteoplasty of femoral neck remodeling. Most patients do not develop necrosis or chondro- lysis and long-term results with in situ fixation are usually excellent, unlike patients with late diagnosis.

Avaliação da torção femoral por tomografia computadorizada em pacientes jovens sem artrose e com dor no quadril por impacto fêmoro-acetabular / Femoral torsion evaluation by computed tomography in young patients without arthrosis with hip pain and femoral-acetabular impingement

Com a descoberta do impacto fêmoro-acetabular (IFA) que corresponde a maior causa de artrose do quadril, a análise biomecânica do quadril tornou-se fundamental. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar por tomografia computadorizada a torção femoral em pacientes jovens sem artrose com dor no quadril por IFA. No período entre janeiro de 2017 e março de 2018 foram avaliados 26 pacientes (52 quadris) entre 18 a 45 anos com dor no quadril e sem artrose. Todos os pacientes apresentavam dor e IFA (9 bilaterais) totalizando 35 quadris, sendo a maioria homens (73%). A idade média foi de 35 anos para ambos os sexos. O índice de massa corporal médio foi de 19 kg/m2 para mulheres, 24 kg/m2 para homens e a escala de Harris média foi de 67 pontos. Foram encontradas alterações da torção femoral em 11 quadris com dor (31%). A torção média encontrada foi de 14,5 graus, variando 0 a 39 graus (coeficiente de variabilidade= 60%). Pacientes com dor no quadril, torção femoral alterada e impacto do tipo CAM não apresentaram diferença quando comparados aos quadris sem dor (controle) (p= 0,234), como também no impacto tipo Misto (p= 0,314). No impacto tipo Pincer, a torção média dos quadris dolorosos foi de 16,63 graus e a torção média dos controles foi de 11,77 graus (p= 0,045). A presença de alterações na torcionais em quase 1/3 dos pacientes com IFA e a alta variabilidade encontrada revelaram a importância da medida da torção femoral nesta doença

The aim of the study was to evaluate femoral torsion in young patients with hip pain and femoral acetabular impingement (FAI). After the discovery of impingement, the complete analysis from the hip biomechanics has become essential. Twenty-six patients from 18 to 45 years presenting hip pain without arthrosis (Tonnis< 2) were evaluated. All patients presented both pain and FAI (9 bilateral), mostly man (73%). The average age was 35 years for both genders. BMI was 19 kg/m2 for women and 24 kg/m2 for men and the mean modified Harris Hip Score was 67 points. We have found femoral torsion changes in 11 hips with pain (31%) and high variability (60%). The mean femoral torsion was 14,5 degrees, ranging from 0 to 39 degrees. Patients with hip pain, CAM impingement and altered femoral torsion had no correlation when compared to controls (without pain) (p= 0.234), neither Mixed impingement (p= 0,314). Patients with Pincer impingement and painful hips had higher femoral torsion (16,63 degrees) than controls (11,77) (p= 0.045). The presence of torsional alterations in almost 1/3 of the patients with FAI and the high variability reveal the importance of measuring femoral torsion at this disease

Prevalencia de deformidades tipo Cam de cadera en personas asintomáticas / Hip Cam type deformity in asymptomatic patients

Introducción: Si bien se considera al Síndrome de Fricción Femoroacetabular (SFFA) como un factor predisponente para el desarrollo de coxartrosis, no todas las caderas con deformidad tipo Cam son sintomáticas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de deformidades tipo Cam en personas asintomáticas que concurrieron a nuestra institución. Material y métodos: Evaluamos de forma consecutiva un total de 168 caderas en 84 personas voluntarias, asintomáticas, a quienes se les realizó una radiografía de ambas caderas de perfil. Se utilizó la medición del ángulo α, siendo indicativo de la presencia de deformidad tipo Cam un ángulo α > 50°. Resultados: Se objetivó un ángulo α promedio de 51,66° (rango 30-85°). Dieciséis (19%) presentaron un ángulo α mayor a 50° en al menos una de sus caderas. En éstos, el ángulo α presentaba un valor promedio de 63,92° (rango 51-85°). En los 68 individuos restantes, el ángulo α presentaba un valor promedio de 42,36° (rango 30-48°). En cuanto a la distribución por sexo, encontramos la presencia de una deformidad tipo Cam en el 22,7% de los varones y en el 5,5% de las mujeres. Conclusión: Debido a la alta prevalencia de lesiones tipo Cam en pacientes asintomáticos, creemos que un ángulo α elevado por sí solo no asegura la presencia de síntomas o la progresión a artrosis.

Introduction: While Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) is considered as a predisposing factor for the development of hip arthritis, not every hip with Cam deformity is symptomatic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cam deformities in asymptomatic people that visited our hospital. Methods: We evaluated consecutively a total of 168 hips in 84 volunteers, asymptomatic, who underwent an lateral X-rays of both hips. Measuring the angle α was used, being indicative of the presence of one Cam type deformity, with an α > 50° angle. Results: An average α angle 51.66° (range 30-85°) was observed. 16 (19%) had an α angle greater than 50° in at least one of their hips. In these, the α angle had an average value of 63.92 ° (range 51-85°). In the remaining 68 individuals, the α angle had an average value of 42.36° (range 30-48°). In terms of distribution by sex, we found the presence of a Cam deformity type in 22.7% of males and 5.5% of women. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of Cam injuries in asymptomatic patients, we believe that an increase of the α angle itself doesn´t ensure the presence of symptoms or progression of osteoarthritis.

Pinzamiento femoroacetabular, causa de dolor en la cadera en el adulto joven / Femoroacetabular impingement causing hip pain in young adults / Le pincement fémoro-acétabulaire à l'origine de la douleur aux hanches chez le sujet jeune

El dolor de la cadera en adultos ha sido tradicionalmente asociado con osteoartritis en dicha articulación. Sin embargo, vemos a muchos pacientes jóvenes con dolor en la cadera, sin artritis, en nuestras consultas. Recientemente, un anormal contacto entre el acetábulo y la unión de cabeza-cuello femoral, conocido como síndrome de pinzamiento femoroacetabular se ha reconocido como una causa preartrítica relativamente común de estos síntomas. Se realizó una amplia revisión bibliográfica con la finalidad de conocer la incidencia de pinzamiento femoroacetabular reportada en la literatura internacional así como todo lo relacionado con el diagnóstico clínico-radiológico y el tratamiento de esta afección. El pinzamiento femoroacetabular es una de las principales causas de dolor en la cadera del adulto joven así como de osteoartritis; la artroscopia de cadera va tomando un papel cada vez más preponderante en el tratamiento de esta afección.

Hip pain in adults has traditionally been associated with osteoarthritis in that joint. However, in our consultations we see many young patients with hip pain, with no arthritis. Recently, an abnormal contact between the acetabulum and the femoral head-neck union, known as femoroacetabular impingement syndrome has been recognized as a relatively common pre-arthritis cause of these symptoms. An extensive literature review was conducted in order to determine the incidence of femoroacetabular impingement reported in international literature and all related to the clinical and radiological diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Femoroacetabular impingement is a major cause of hip pain in adult and osteoarthritis; hip arthroscopy is taking an increasingly prominent role in the treatment of this condition.

Chez les adultes, la douleur de hanche a été d’habitude associée à une ostéoarthrite de cette dite articulation. Néanmoins, on peut voir dans nos cabinets pas mal de jeunes patients souffrant d’une douleur de hanche, sans arthrite. Un contact anormal entre l’acétabulum et la jonction tête et col du fémur, aussi appelé conflit fémoro-acétabulaire, a été récemment décrit comme une cause pré-arthritique relativement commune de ces symptômes. Une large analyse bibliographique a été réalisée afin de connaître l’incidence du conflit fémoro-acétabulaire rapportée dans la littérature internationale, ainsi que tout ce qui est en relation avec le diagnostic clinique et radiologique et le traitement de ce trouble. Le pincement fémoro-acétabulaire est l’une des principales causes de douleur de hanche, ainsi que d’ostéoarthrite, chez le sujet jeune; l’arthroscopie joue un rôle de plus en plus prépondérant dans le traitement de cette affection.

Abordagem extracapsular para tratamento artroscópico de impacto femoroacetabular: resultados clínicos, radiográficos e complicações / Extracapsular approach for arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement: clinical and radiographic results and complications

Avaliar os resultados clínicos e radiográficos e as complicações relativos a pacientes submetidos a tratamento artroscópico de impacto femoroacetabular com o uso da abordagem extracapsular. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2011 e março de 2012, 49 pacientes (50 quadris) foram submetidos a tratamento artroscópico de impacto femoroacetabular pela Equipe de Cirurgia do Quadril do Hospital Ortopédico de Passo Fundo (RS). Preencheram todos os requisitos necessários para este trabalho 40 pacientes (41 quadris). O seguimento médio foi de 29,1 meses. Os pacientes foram avaliados pelo Harris Hip Score modificado por Byrd (MHHS), Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS) e quanto à rotação interna do quadril. Também foram avaliados radiograficamente. Aferiu-se o ângulo CE, a dimensão do espaço articular, o ângulo alfa, o índice colo-cabeça, o grau de artrose e a presença de ossificação heterotópica do quadril. RESULTADOS: Dos 41 quadris tratados, 31 (75,6%) apresentaram resultados clínicos bons ou excelentes. Observou-se um aumento médio pós-operatório de 22,1 pontos para o MHHS, 21,5 para o NAHS e 16,4° na rotação interna do quadril (p < 0,001). Quanto à avaliação radiográfica, observou-se correção para índices considerados normais do ângulo alfa e índice colo-cabeça, com diminuição média de 32,9oe aumento médio pós-operatório de 0,10, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular com o uso da abordagem extracapsular apresentou resultados clínicos e radiográficos satisfatórios em seguimento médio de 29,1 meses, com poucas complicações.

To evaluate the clinical and radiographic results and complications relating to patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement by means of an extracapsular approach. METHODS: Between January 2011 and March 2012, 49 patients (50 hips) underwent arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement, performed by the hip surgery team of the Orthopedic Hospital of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. Forty patients (41 hips) fulfilled all the requirements for this study. The mean follow-up was 29.1 months. The patients were assessed clinically by means of the Harris Hip score, as modified by Byrd (MHHS), the Non-Arthritic Hip score (NAHS) and the internal rotation of the hip. Their hips were also evaluated radiographically, with measurement of the CE angle, dimensions of the joint space, alpha angle, neck-head index, degree of arthrosis and presence of heterotopic ossification of the hip. RESULTS: Out of the 41 hips treated, 31 (75.6%) presented good or excellent clinical results. There was a mean postoperative increase of 22.1 points for the MHHS, 21.5 for the NAHS and 16.4° for the internal rotation of the hip ( p< 0.001). Regarding the radiographic evaluation, correction to normal values was observed for the alpha angle and neck-head index, with a mean postoperative decrease of 32.9° and mean increase of 0.10, respectively ( p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement by means of an extracapsular approach presented satisfactory clinical and radiographic results over a mean follow-up of 29.1 months, with few complications.

Pinzamiento extraarticular de cadera: Reporte de caso / Extraarticular hip impingement: Case report

El pinzamiento femoroacetabular corresponde al contacto mecánico entre el fémur y la pelvis, frecuentemente entre el cuello del fémur y el borde acetabular, ya sea por deformidad del primero (CAM) o del segundo (PINCER);1,2 sin embargo, existen causas extraarticulares de pinzamiento.3,4 A la par del aumento en el diagnóstico de pinzamiento se ha hecho cada vez más frecuente el tratamiento artroscópico de éste siendo hoy el estándar de tratamiento.5 En este reporte se analiza un caso de pinzamiento de cadera extraarticular, causado por un contacto entre el fémur y una espina ilíaca antero inferior (EIAI) prominente debido probablemente a una avulsión antigua consolidada, y a su posterior manejo artroscópico.

Femoroacetabular impingement is the mechanical contact between the femur and the pelvis, frequently between the femur neck and the acetabular rim, whether due to a deformity of the former (cam type) or the latter (pincer type).1,2 However, there may be extraarticular causes of impingement.3,4 Together with the increased diagnosis of impingement, arthroscopic treatment is increasingly frequent and has become the standard treatment.5 This report analyzes a case of extraarticular hip impingement caused by contact between the femur and a prominent anteroinferior iliac spine (AIIS), probably due to a healed old avulsion and its later arthroscopic management.